泡桐微茎尖培养脱除泡桐丛枝病原（MLO）的研究

以感染丛枝病原（ＭＬＯ）的泡桐组培苗为试材,大量切取长度在０．３ｍｍ～０．５ｍｍ范围内的微茎尖,在ＭＳ和附加０．１ｍｇ／ＬＩＢＡ和１～７ｍｇ／Ｌ６－ＢＡ的培养基上进行脱毒试验。根据外植体培养过程的病状有无．病源ＭＬＯ的ＤＡＰＩ荧光显微镜和电子显微镜检查结果,证明微茎炎培养能够获得脱除泡桐丛枝病原ＭＬＯ的试管苗,其脱毒率在１４．２９～２８．５７％之间。脱毒的两个无性系试管苗经连续继代培养一年以上,其生长性状正常且稳定。试验还显示了微茎炎培养脱毒率受采用的茎尖大小、切割技术、培养基中的激素比例及无性系的不同等因素的影响较大。     

湖南会同5个亚热带树种的细根构型及功能特征分析

细根(直径2mm)具有复杂的分枝系统,不同树种间的细根在空间分布、形态和大小上有较大差异,研究不同树种的细根构型及不同根序的养分特征,对认识不同树种的细根形态和化学成分的变异格局,及其对树种地下生态位分离(niche segregation)、共存和森林生态系统功能过程的影响有着重要意义。在湖南会同林区选择青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、枫香(Liquidanbar formosana)、拟赤杨(Alniphyllum fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)等5个亚热带树种,用挖掘法采集完整的细根根系,按照Pregitzer细根分级方法对细根分级,用Win-RHIZO根系测定系统对细根构型的参数进行测定,同时测定各级根系的C、N含量,以探讨各树种各级细根的功能特征,揭示不同树种细根构型与养分策略之间的关系。结果表明:5个亚热带树种细根1级根比根长、比表面积最高,直径最细;3级根比根长、比表面积最低,直径最粗。不同树种之间细根形态特征和构型也表现出差异性:枫香的1级根序比根长最大,为31.45m·g-1,杉木的最小,为16.34m·g-1,枫香和杉木之间差异显著。马尾松的1、2级根序的比表面积最大,杉木的1级根序的比表面积最小,青冈2级根序的比表面积最小,3级根序比表面积杉木最大,青冈最小。不同树种之间的细根直径差异达到极显著水平,各根序的平均直径以杉木的最大,拟赤杨的最小。5个树种细根根尖密度大小顺序为马尾松青冈枫香杉木拟赤杨,各树种细根分叉数以拟赤杨和马尾松的较高,杉木最低。除杉木和枫香外,5个树种细根C含量均呈现出随着根序上升而增加的趋势,C/N比也随根序的上升而增加,而细根N含量呈现出随着根序上升而明显下降的趋势。细根平均C含量以杉木的最高,拟赤杨的最低,马尾松、青冈与枫香之间的差异不显著。细根平均N含量以拟赤杨的最高,马尾松的最低。C/N比以马尾松的最高,拟赤杨的最低。5个树种中,马尾松的外生菌根有很强的拓展能力,因此能显著地增强植物根系的养分、水分吸收能力,即使在贫瘠和干旱的土壤环境中,也能有效地利用有限的养分和水分,促进个体生长。而杉木细根吸收养分和水分的效率及能力最小。     

泡桐维管形成层及木质部区的转录组分析

采用Illumina HiSeqTM2500高通量测序技术,获得泡桐维管形成层及木质部区组织转录组的109021918条clean reads(16.35 Gb)。将clean reads从头组装得到104432个单基因簇(Unigene),平均长度662 nt。将组装得到的Unigenes与公共数据库进行序列比对,分别有40789(Nr:39.05%)、31675(NT:30.33%)、15539(COG:14.87%)、29168(GO:27.93%)、16316(KEGG:15.62%)、30499(SwissProt:29.20%)以及28828(Pfam:27.6%)个Unigenes获得功能注释。通过与GO数据库的比对分析,注释的29168个Unigenes归于生物过程、细胞组分及分子功能三大类的55个功能组;15539条Unigenes注释到COG数据库,被分为25个类别中;基于KEGG数据库可将16316个Unigenes归于130个代谢途径。此外,在泡桐的维管形成层及木质部区转录组中共检测出16118个简单序列重复(SSR)位点。为进一步挖掘泡桐重要功能基因提供了大量数据。     

Diterpenoids and Flavonoids from the Twigs of Cephalotaxus fortunei var. alpina

Three new diterpenoids (a cephalotane, an abietane and a 9(10→20)‐abeo‐abietane) and one new flavonoid, together with 11 known compounds, were isolated from the twigs of Cephalotaxus fortunei var. alpina. The new compounds were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic (including 1D and 2D‐NMR and HR‐ESI‐MS) analysis. Anti‐inflammatory, immunosuppressive and cytotoxic activities of three new compounds were evaluated. 3β,20‐epoxyabieta‐8,11,13‐triene‐3α,12‐diol showed weak cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines NCI?H1975, HepG2, MCF‐7, while fortalpinoid R and 3‐acetonyl‐3,5,7,4′‐tetrahydroxy‐2‐methoxyflavanone were not active at 80 μM. None of these compounds showed anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities.     

江南油杉营养器官的解剖结构及其生态适应性

采用石蜡切片和光学显微技术对江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei(Murr.)Carr.var.cyclolepis(Flous)Silba)根、茎、叶的解剖结构进行观测,研究其形态结构对环境的适应性。结果显示:江南油杉叶片为异面叶,上表皮厚11.5μm,外侧覆盖厚4.5μm的角质层,下表皮厚8.6μm,外侧覆盖厚2.4μm的角质层,有气孔器分布,栅栏组织由1~2层细胞组成,海绵组织由2~3层细胞组成,主脉为单脉,厚474.1μm。茎的初生结构中表皮细胞1~2层,外皮层细胞4~6层,内皮层细胞6~8层,其内分布有树脂道;次生结构中木栓层细胞2~3层,栓内层细胞1~2层,皮层内有树脂道和分泌腔分布,维管束紧密排列连成环状。根的初生结构中外皮层细胞3层,内皮层细胞1~2层,具凯氏带,初生木质部为四原型;次生结构中木栓层细胞3~4层,栓内层细胞2~3层。江南油杉营养器官的解剖结构表现出较大的可塑性,使之既能较好地适应阳生环境又对阴生环境具备一定的适应性,还可耐受一定的干旱和寒冷。     

云锦杜鹃种子萌发及对干旱胁迫的响应

以不同渗透势的PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件, 研究云锦杜鹃种子的萌发、幼苗生长和累积吸水率对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示：种子于第14 d开始萌发,萌发期为8 d,总萌发率为45.5%±1.7%。在渗透势为-0.3～-0.6 MPa的溶液中, 种子的累计吸水率在第5 d就超过对照(蒸馏水中), 种子的萌发和幼苗的生长也优于对照, 说明云锦杜鹃种子不适合过于湿润的土壤环境中萌发。但溶液的渗透势≥-0.9 MPa时, 种子的吸水减缓、萌发率下降, 同时幼苗的生长也慢, 而当渗透势≥-1.8 MPa时, 种子不能充分吸涨、萌发, 说明云锦杜鹃种子对干旱胁迫比较敏感。另外, 经PEG溶液浸种2天后移入蒸馏水中,萌发率均有一定程度的提高, 其中经-0.3～-1.5 MPa的PEG溶液浸种后, 萌发率显著高于对照。提示用一定浓度范围的PEG溶液浸种可使休眠种子活化, 提高种子繁育的效率。     

Veligers of an introduced bivalve,Limnoperna fortunei,are a new food resource that enhances growth of larval fish in the Paraná River (South America)

1. Larvae of ‘sábalo’, Prochilodus lineatus, whose adults represent over 60% of overall fish biomass in the Río de la Plata Catchment, have been observed to feed intensively on veligers of the exotic bivalve Limnoperna fortunei. 2. To assess the effects of this dietary shift on the growth of P. lineatus, 28‐day laboratory experiments were carried out feeding newly hatched P. lineatus larvae with three diets: zooplankton artificially enriched with L. fortunei veligers; natural zooplankton; and zooplankton artificially enriched with cladocerans and copepods. The average length, weight and gut contents of the fish larvae were assessed weekly and metabolic rates of fish larvae were measured. 3. Proportions of veligers in gut contents were always higher than those in the experimental diet: 100, 76 and 21% for veliger‐enriched, natural and low‐veliger diets, respectively. Larvae fed a veliger‐enriched diet grew to a significantly larger size than larvae fed the other two diets. In energetic balance comparisons using metabolic rates and prey energy content, all three diets were sufficient to support metabolism and growth. The greatest values of excess energy at the end of each week were in the veliger‐enriched experiments. 4. Feeding on veligers of L. fortunei significantly enhances the growth of P. lineatus larvae and supports the idea that this new and abundant resource is selectively preyed upon by P. lineatus during its larval stage. Higher growth rates may stem from the higher energy contents of veligers compared to crustaceans and/or from the lower energy costs of capturing slower prey.     

江苏唐松草属(毛茛科)一新变种——珠芽华东唐松草

记载了中国江苏宝华山唐松草属一新变种——珠芽华东唐松草Thalictrum fortunei S. Moore var. bulbiliferum B. Chen &; X. J. Tian。该变种在花谢之后在大部分叶腋处形成一枚直径3-10 mm的珠芽,明显区别于原变种。     

Carbonic anhydrase activity and photosynthetic rate in the tree species Paulownia tomentosa Steud. Effect of dimethylsulfoxide treatment and zinc accumulation in leaves

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) (EC 4.2.1.1) catalyzes the reversible conversion of CO2 to HCO3- and has been shown to be involved in photosynthesis. The enzyme has been shown in animals, plants, eubacteria and viruses, but similar reports on the evidence for CA activity in tree plants does not be appear to be available. In the preliminary analyses of the work, the CA activity in leaf extracts from the tree species Paulownia tomentosa Steud. (introduced in Bulgaria) is described. A connection between CA activity and the rate of photosynthetic CO2 fixation is shown. In the second portion of the work, the effect of 10(-4) mol/L and 10(-2) mol/L dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on the zinc accumulation in leaves is demonstrated. It is suggested that CA activity is an indicator of the level of physiologically active zinc in leaves of P. tomentosa Steud. A connection between the process of zinc accumulation in leaves and the activity of the enzymes CA and glycolate oxidase (GO) (EC 1.1.3.1) is established.